英语的历史 英文版
二者语系不同，起源不同，差异是本身具有的，不是某时形成的。。。
你可能觉得凡是语言都是同源，但那起源太过久远，又没有发现过任何实证，猜想不是科学，所以我们就从有可靠证据的起源谈起。
英语在这方面，做得比汉语好得多，汉语的语源考现在做得最好是法国人和美国人，也不能确实得提出有力的论断，国内的说法更是还多停留在传说和猜想阶段，可引证的也不过说文解字和季老那一批人的甲骨文、金文解读，但你既然问了，也只好拿出来比比看，其实二者并不具备什么可比性。
英语的历史从1500多年前的北欧开始。 在公元5世纪左右，称为天使、撒克逊和黄麻的人们的部落从德国和丹麦旅行向西过北海。 他们迁入英国，并且在7世纪末以前，他们讲早期的形式英语。
在8世纪末，斯堪的那维亚人攻占英国。 战争持续了将近200年。 在这个时期，很多拉丁语、丹麦和古斯堪的那维亚的单词融入英语。 象炊具和杯子与生活息息相关一样，拉丁语给了英语很多单词。 从丹麦语和古斯堪的那维亚语中，英国人借鉴过来了皮肤、腿、以及各种词格的代词“他们”、“他们的”。 来自古斯堪的那维亚语的很多同义词统一到英语中，例如，愤怒(英语的wrath和古斯堪的那维亚语的anger)；生病(英语的sick和古斯堪的那维亚语的ill)，都在英语中进行了统一。
1066年，诺曼人征服英国。 法语成为富人的语言和强有力的象征，但穷人主要讲英语。 在14世纪末，英语再次成为第一语言。 到这时，英国人使用的很多词汇来自法语或者拉丁语，并且许多早期的词汇已经不复存在。
到了第16和17世纪，人们对古典作品感兴趣。 在这个时期，来自拉丁语和希腊语的词汇被归入英语。 许多词汇或者单词的组成部分，从那些语言被用现代英语引进使用。 今天，英语有来自大多数世界性语言的泊来单词。 你或许能找到英语使用的某个词汇是最先来自你的母语。
汉语是世界上最古老的语言之一，是至今通用语言时间最长的语言。汉语的历史演变是一个很有趣的问题。汉语的书写系统——汉字——不是表音的，不能如表音文字那样直接知道同一个字历史上的发音。幸运的是，在汉字（特别是形声字）、诗歌的韵律以及对外国人名的翻译中可以找到有效的信息。
汉语的历史：
上古汉语
相传黄帝时中原有“万国”，夏朝时还有三千“国”，周初分封八百诸侯国，“五方之民，言语不通”（《礼记•王制》）。
上古汉语存在于周朝前期和中期（公元前11世纪到前7世纪），文字记录有青铜器上的碑铭、诗经集、历史书书经以及部分《易经》。
春秋初期，见于记载的诸侯国还有170多个。至战国时期，形成“七雄”，“诸侯力政，不统于王，……言语异声，文字异形”（《说文解字•叙》）。
先秦诸子百家在著作中使用被称为“雅言”的共同语。“子所雅言，《诗》、《书》、执礼，皆雅言也。”（《论语•述而》）
秦统一天下之后，实行“车同轨，书同文，行同伦”，规范了文字，以小篆作为正式官方文字。
重构上古汉语的工作开始于清朝的语言学家。西方的古汉语先锋是瑞典的语言学家高本汉（Bernhard Karlgren），他主要研究汉字的形式和诗经的韵律。
中古汉语
这种汉语使用于隋朝、唐朝和宋朝（公元7世纪到10世纪），可以分为《切韵》（公元601年）涉及到的早期以及《广韵》（公元10世纪）所反映的晚期。高本汉把这个阶段称为“古代汉语”。
语言学家已能较自信地重构中古汉语的语音系统。这种证据来自几个方面：多样的现代方言、韵书以及对外语的翻译。
正如印欧语系的语言可以由现代印欧语言重构一样，中古汉语也可以由方言重建。另外，中国古代的文学家花费了很大的精力来总结汉语的语音体系，这些资料仍然是现代语言学家工作的基础。最后，汉语的语音可以从对外国语言的翻译中了解到。
近代汉语
近代汉语是古代汉语与现代汉语之间以早期白话文献为代表的汉语。
现代汉语
现代汉语是以北方话为基础方言，以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的汉语。
具体如下：
English is a West Germanic language branch. It was first used by medieval Britain and has become the most widely used language in the world because of its vast colonies. The Anglo tribe, the ancestor of the British, is one of the Germanic tribes that later migrated to the island of Great Britain, known as England.
英语是一种西日耳曼语支，最早被中世纪的英国使用，并因其广阔的殖民地而成为世界使用面积最广的语言。英国人的祖先盎格鲁部落是后来迁移到大不列颠岛地区的日耳曼部落之一，称为英格兰。
Both names come from Anglia on the Baltic Peninsula, which is closely related to Frisian and lower Saxon. Its vocabulary is influenced by other Germanic languages, especially Nordic (North Germanic), and is largely written in Latin and French.
这两个名字都来自波罗的海半岛的Anglia，该语言与弗里斯兰语和下撒克森语密切相关，其词汇受到其他日耳曼语系语言的影响，尤其是北欧语（北日耳曼语），并在很大程度上由拉丁文和法文撰写。
English has developed for more than 1400 years. The earliest form of English is a group of West Germanic dialects brought to Britain by Anglo Saxon immigrants in the 5th century, which are collectively referred to as ancient English.
英语已经发展了1400多年，英语的最早形式是由盎格鲁-撒克逊人移民于5世纪带到英国的一组西日耳曼语支（Ingvaeonic）方言，被统称为古英语。
Old English, until 1066
Immigrants from Denmark and NW Germany arrived in Britain in the 5th and 6th Centuries A.D., speaking in related dialects belonging to the Germanic and Teutonic branches of the Indo-European language family. Today, English is most closely related to Flemish, Dutch, and German, and is somewhat related to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish. Icelandic, unchanged for 1,000 years, is very close to Old English. Viking invasions, begun in the 8th Century, gave English a Norwegian and Danish influence which lasted until the Norman Conquest of 1066.
Old English Words
The Angles came from an angle-shaped land area in contemporary Germany. Their name "Angli" from the Latin and commonly-spoken, pre-5th Century German mutated into the Old English "Engle". Later, "Engle" changed to "Angel-cyn" meaning "Angle-race" by A.D. 1000, changing to "Engla-land". Some Old English words which have survived intact include: feet, geese, teeth, men, women, lice, and mice. The modern word "like" can be a noun, adjective, verb, and preposition. In Old English, though, the word was different for each type: gelica as a noun, geic as an adjective, lician as a verb, and gelice as a preposition.
Middle English, from 1066 until the 15th Century
The Norman Invasion and Conquest of Britain in 1066 and the resulting French Court of William the Conqueror gave the Norwegian-Dutch influenced English a Norman-Parisian-French effect. From 1066 until about 1400, Latin, French, and English were spoken. English almost disappeared entirely into obscurity during this period by the French and Latin dominated court and government. However, in 1362, the Parliament opened with English as the language of choice, and the language was saved from extinction. Present-day English is approximately 50% Germanic (English and Scandinavian) and 50% Romance (French and Latin).
Middle English Words
Many new words added to Middle English during this period came from Norman French, Parisian French, and Scandinavian. Norman French words imported into Middle English include: catch, wage, warden, reward, and warrant. Parisian French gave Middle English: chase, guarantee, regard, guardian, and gage. Scandinavian gave to Middle English the important word of law. English nobility had titles which were derived from both Middle English and French. French provided: prince, duke, peer, marquis, viscount, and baron. Middle English independently developed king, queen, lord, lady, and earl. Governmental administrative divisions from French include county, city, village, justice, palace, mansion, and residence. Middle English words include town, home, house, and hall.
Early Modern English, from the 15th Century to the 17th Century
During this period, English became more organized and began to resemble the modern version of English. Although the word order and sentence construction was still slightly different, Early Modern English was at least recognizable to the Early Modern English speaker. For example, the Old English "To us pleases sailing" became "We like sailing." Classical elements, from Greek and Latin, profoundly influenced work creation and origin. From Greek, Early Modern English received grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. Also, the "tele-" prefix meaning "far" later used to develop telephone and television was taken.
Modern English, from the 17th Century to Modern Times
Modern English developed through the efforts of literary and political writings, where literacy was uniformly found. Modern English was heavily influenced by classical usage, the emergence of the university-educated class, Shakespeare, the common language found in the East Midlands.
英语的历史 英文版视频
相关评论：
