纽芬兰狼的历史起源

请问纽芬兰还有狼吗？~

有，只不过很少而已，没准还会引进呢，在生态园或者自然保护区之类的地方会有的，因为人类的关系，狼不是经常活动，所以一般见不到，早就有人说“硬是把狼训成了狗了”，当年的胆气没了。
对了，听说纽芬兰有几只草原狼呢！

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Newfoundland History 纽芬兰历史

Newfoundland Joins Canada (1946-1949) 纽芬兰加入加拿大（1946-1949）

Newfoundland and Confederation (1949) 纽芬兰和联合会（1949）


[This text was publihed in 1950. For the full citation, see the end of the document. [文publihed这在1950年的完整引文。，看到该文档的末尾。 Parts in brackets [...], links and images have been added to the original text by Claude Bélanger.]括号内的部分[...],链接和图像已被添加到由克劳德贝朗原始文本。]

[For a history of the negotiations of Newfoundland with Canada , see this site; Mel Baker also discusses this issue at this address; the specific period of 1945 to 1949 is extensively studied by the same author at this site .] Although Newfoundland had become at least temporarily self-supporting again during the War, the United Kingdom Government decided that consideration of constitutional changes should be delayed until after the close of hostilities. In December, 1945, it announced that a National Convention would be elected by the people of Newfoundland to assist them in coming to a "free and informed decision as to their future form of government". [对于与加拿大的纽芬兰谈判的历史 ，看到这个网站;梅尔贝克还讨论了在这个地址这个问题 ，1945年的具体期限至1949年 ， 是广泛同一作者的研究在这个网站 。]虽然已经成为在纽芬兰至少暂时自给一次又一次的战争中，英国政府决定 ， 修改宪法之前 ， 应考虑敌对行动后关闭延迟。12月，1945年，它宣布 ， 国民大会将在纽芬兰省人民选举产生协助来作为他们的政府形式“自由和知情的决定他们”。



The Convention was elected in June, 1946, and its 45 members met in the following September. 该公约是在6月当选，1946年，其45名成员在以下9月份举行。 Its terms of reference were: 其职权是：

To consider and discuss amongst themselves as elected representatives of the Newfoundland people, the changes that have taken place in the financial and economic situation of the Island since 1934 and, bearing in mind the extent to which high revenues of recent years nave been due to wartime conditions, to examine the position of the country and to make recommendations to His Majesty's Government as to possible forms of future government to be put before the people at a national referendum. 审议和讨论他们之间的当选代表 ， 纽芬兰人，这已在岛的金融和经济形势发生1934年以来，考虑到何种程度 ， 近年来高收入天真是由于战争的影响变化条件，审查该国的立场 ， 并以未来政府可能形式的建议 ， 国王陛下政府将在人民面前提出在全国公民投票。



In May, 1947, a delegation was sent to London to ascertain what financial relations might be expected to exist between the United Kingdom Government and Newfoundland under (a) continuation of Commission of Government as then constituted, (b) a revised form of the Commission, and (c) responsible government. 今年5月，1947年派代表团到伦敦 ， 以确定哪些金融关系可能会存在的根据（一委员会）政府继续与英国政府和纽芬兰作为然后组成，（b）一个委员会经修改的形式，以及（c）负责任的政府。 The reply was that under the first the fiscal and financial relations would remain as then existing and the United Kingdom would continue to be responsible for Newfoundland's financial stability; under the second, the responsibility of the United Kingdom for Newfoundland's financial stability would depend upon the precise form of revision; under responsible government Newfoundland would bear full responsibility for her own finances. 得到的答复是根据第一个财政和金融关系将继续作为当时的和英国将继续为纽芬兰的金融稳定负责;在第二，英国的纽芬兰省的财政稳定的责任 ， 将取决于精确形式修改;负责任的政府 ， 纽芬兰下将承担自己的财政承担全部责任。



In February, 1947, the National Convention had passed a resolution to send a delegation to Ottawa to ascertain from the Government of Canada "what fair and equitable basis may exist for federal union of Newfoundland and Canada ". 今年2月，1947年， 国民大会已通过决议 ， 派遣一个代表团到渥太华的加拿大“什么公平和公正的基础上 ， 政府确定可能存在纽芬兰省和加拿大联邦政府联盟”。 A similar resolution to send a delegation to Washington to ascertain the terms on which union with the United States might be effected, was defeated by a large majority. 一项类似的决议派遣一个代表团前往华盛顿 ， 以确定该条款上与美国联盟可能影响，是一个庞大的多数击败。



A delegation of seven members [1] was sent to Ottawa in June, 1947, and discussions with the Committee of the Canadian Cabinet continued into September [2]. 七名成员[1]代表团被送往渥太华6月，1947年，并与加拿大内阁委员会的讨论一直持续到9月[2]。 On Oct. 10月 29, 1947, the Canadian Prime Minister sent the Governor of Newfoundland for transmission to the National Convention a statement of terms which the Government of Canada would be prepared to recommend to Parliament as a basis for union, should the people of Newfoundland desire to enter Confederation. 29日，1947年， 加拿大总理送往转交全国代表大会1，其中加拿大政府将准备建议 ， 作为联盟的基础上向议会发表声明 ， 纽芬兰省长，应纽芬兰希望联合会的人进入。



After prolonged debate the National Convention recommended to the United Kingdom Government, on Jan. 29, 1948, that two choices be placed before the people, the restoration of Responsible Government and continuation of Commission of Government. 经过长时间辩论 ， 国民大会建议英国政府于1948年1月29日，这两个选择是摆在人们面前放置，负责任的政府和政府委员会继续恢复。 A motion to include Confederation on the ballot was defeated in the Convention by a vote of 29 to 16. 一项议案 ， 包括联邦在选票上被击败以29票的公约16。



The United Kingdom Government, after due consideration, decided to add Confederation to the ballot, having concluded that "it would not be right that the people of Newfoundland should be deprived of an opportunity of considering the issue at the referendum". 英国政府适当考虑后，决定将联邦的选票后，得出结论：“是不正确的纽芬兰省人民应该是考虑在全民投票的问题的机会被剥夺”。 The official statement pointed to Canada's offer being based on long discussion with a delegation from the Convention, to the support for Confederation shown in the Convention, and to the fact that the issues had been sufficiently clarified to enable the people to decide whether Confederation would commend itself to them. 官方声明指出 ， 加拿大目前的基础上提供了由该公约，代表团对联盟的支持在公约中，表现出长时间的讨论 ， 并认为该问题已得到充分的澄清 ， 以使人民能够决定是否联合会将赞扬事实自己给他们。



At the first poll of the National Referendum , held on June 3, 1948, after wide public discussion, 155,777 (more than 88 pc) of the 176,297 registered voters went to the polls. 在全国公民投票第一次调查于1948年6月3日举行，经过市民广泛讨论，155777（超过88件的176297名登记选民）前往投票。 Responsible Government received 69,400 votes, Confederation 64,066 and continuation of Commission of Government 22,311 votes. 责任政府收到的69400票，联合会64066和政府继续执行委员会22311票。 As no form of Government had received an absolute majority, a second poll was required on the two forms receiving the most votes, in-accordance with the conditions previously announced by the United Kingdom Government. 由于没有政府形式都获得了绝对多数，第二次调查 ， 需要在两个获得最多选票的形式，与以前的情况 ， 英国政府宣布根据。



At the second poll on July 22, 1948, approximately 85 pc of the voters turned out. 在7月22日第二次的调查，1948年，大约85个人的选民结果。 Some 78,323 voted for Confederation with Canada and 71,334 for Responsible Government. 有些78323投票与加拿大和71334负责任的政府联盟。 Eighteen of the 25 electoral districts as established in 1933 showed a clear majority for Confederation. 18 25个选区的结果显示 ， 在1933年成立了联邦明显多数。



On July 30, 1948, the Prime Minister of Canada announced that the result of the referendum was "clear and beyond all possibility of misunderstanding", and that it was welcomed by the Government of Canada. 7月30日1948年，加拿大总理宣布 ， 公民投票的结果是“清楚的 ， 所有的误会”，而且是由加拿大政府欢迎的可能性。 He added that the Government would be "glad to receive with the least possible delay authorized representatives of Newfoundland " to negotiate Terms of Union. 他补充说 ， 政府将“很高兴收到的最短时间内纽芬兰授权代表”谈判的联盟条款。



Negotiations opened at Ottawa on Oct. 6, 1948. 谈判在渥太华开幕的1948年10月6号。 [3] The basic problem was that of including within a matured federal system a country that had developed independently of the other provinces and whose economy and administrative arrangements were very different. [3]的基本问题是 ， 包括在一个成熟的联邦制度发展了一种独立于其他省份 ， 其经济和行政安排是非常不同的国家。 As in 1864, and more particularly 1895, the financial aspects of the problem presented the greatest difficulty. 正如在1864年，更特别是1895年，该问题的财务方面提出的最大困难。 On the one hand, Newfoundland could not be expected to enter Confederation unless it received reasonable assurance that it could carry on financially as a province. 一方面，纽芬兰不能指望进入联盟 ， 除非它得到合理的保证 ， 它可以对经济进行的一个省。 On the other hand, it was obviously desirable that the financial arrangements for Newfoundland should fit as nearly as possible into the existing framework of financial relations between the Federal Government and the provinces. 另一方面，显然是可取的 ， 纽芬兰省财政安排应适应之间的联邦政府和各省财政关系的现有框架内尽可能接近。



The main provisions of the Terms ultimately arrived at were as follows: (1) the Federal Government was to take over Newfoundland services which were at the time normally provided for other provinces, including the government-owned railway; (2) the Federal Government was to assume responsibility for Newfoundland's sterling debt (about $63,000,000 net, or about 90 pc of the total); (3) Newfoundland was to retain its surplus which had been accumulated during the war and post-war years; (4) Newfoundland, as was the case with other provinces, was to receive from the Federal Government stated annual subsidies in perpetuity; (5) in addition in order to enable Newfoundland to develop revenue-producing services similar to those of existing provinces, it was to receive annual transitional grants over a period of twelve years, the grants to diminish over the period and cease at its end; (6) the Federal Government was to appoint within eight years of Union a Royal Commission to review Newfoundland's financial position and to recommend the form and scale of additional financial assistance, if any, which might be required by the Government of Newfoundland to enable it to continue public services at then prevailing levels without resorting to taxation more burdensome, having regard to capacity to pay, than that of the Maritime Provinces. 本条款的主要条款最终达成如下：（1）联邦政府是在纽芬兰的服务采取的通常规定的其他省份，包括政府拥有的铁路;（2）联邦政府是时候了纽芬兰承担的债务英镑（约六千三百点〇万美元净，或约90整体PC）的责任;（3）纽芬兰要保持财政盈余 ， 已经在战争期间和战后年;（4）纽芬兰，正如积累与其他省份的情况，将得到由联邦政府表示 ， 永久的年度补贴;（5）除 ， 以便纽芬兰开发创收的服务，类似于现有的省，这是过渡性的 ， 每年接受赠款 ， 了12年期间，拨款减少期间 ， 停止在其结束;（6）联邦政府是在8年的联盟皇家委员会任命审查纽芬兰的财务状况和建议的形式和规模的增加财政援助，如果有的话，这可能是由纽芬兰政府要求 ， 使其能够继续在当时不采取税收负担更多的公共服务水平，考虑到支付能力，比海洋省份。 The total financial aid thus given Newfoundland was proportionately higher than that given to other provinces at the time they joined Confederation or were created, but it was felt that Newfoundland 's special problems justified somewhat special financial treatment. 总的财政援助 ， 从而给纽芬兰的比例高于其他省份给予当时他们加入联邦或正在建立的，但有人认为 ， 纽芬兰氏合理有点特别财政处理的特殊问题。



On Dec. 12月 11, 1948, the Terms of Union were signed in the Senate Chamber at Ottawa by six of the seven members of the Newfoundland delegation on behalf of Newfoundland and by the Prime Minister and the Acting Secretary of State for External Affairs on behalf of Canada. 11日，1948年联盟的条款签署了在渥太华参议院通过的关于代表纽芬兰纽芬兰代表团的七名成员六名 ， 由总理和代理国务卿对外事务代表加拿大。






A Bill to approve the Terms of Union was passed by the Canadian Parliament and given the assent of the Governor General on Feb. 18, 1949. 一项条例草案 ， 批准了联盟的条款通过了加拿大议会 ， 并就1949年2月18号的总督批准。 On Feb. 21, the Commission of Government in Newfoundland announced its approval and shortly afterwards a Bill to confirm and give effect to the Terms of Union was introduced in the British House of Commons. 2月21日，政府委员会在纽芬兰省宣布批准 ， 不久的条例草案 ， 确认并落实了联盟的条款是在英国下议院提出。 This Bill received Royal Assent on Mar. 23 as the British North America Act, 1949. 本条例草案于3月23日收到的英属北美法案，1949年御准。 In accordance with the Terms, Newfoundland joined Canada as its tenth province at midnight on Mar. 31, 1949. 按照规定的条件，纽芬兰加入其在对1949年3月31日午夜 ， 加拿大第十个省。 [ This site documents the various stages of the Union of Newfoundland with Canada.] [ 本网站文件的纽芬兰联盟与加拿大的不同阶段。]





On the occasion of Newfoundland's entrance into Confederation, Canada Post在纽芬兰加入联邦，加拿大邮政入口之际
issued a stamp showing the "Matthew", John Cabot's ship.发行邮票显示“马太”，约翰卡博特公司的船舶。


[1] FG Bradley, KC, Chairman, TGW Ashbourne, Charles H. Ballam, Rev. Lester L. Burry , PW Crummey, GF Higgins , and JR Smallwood [1]蛋白原布拉德利，陈家主席，千粒重阿什伯恩，查尔斯H Ballam，牧师莱斯特湖巴里 ，晚上克拉米， 绿希金斯 ，和JR斯莫尔伍德



[2] Rt. [2] Rt的。 Hon. 汉。 Louis S. St. Laurent, KC, Rt. 路易斯南街。洛朗，陈家，Rt的。 Hon. 汉。 JL Ilsley, KC, Rt. JL埃斯利，陈家，Rt的。 Hon. CD Howe, Hon. 提问。光碟豪，汉。 Brooke Claxton, KC, Hon. 布鲁克克莱克斯顿，陈家，汉。 DC Abbott, KC, Hon. 直流雅培，陈家，汉。 JJ McCann, MC, Hon H. F G. Bridges and Hon. JJ麦肯，三菱商事在会议上，每小时F湾大桥和汉。 W McL. 糯韧带。 Robertson. 罗伯逊。



[3] The Newfoundland delegation was headed by the Hon. [3]纽芬兰省代表团团长的提问。 AJ (later Sir Albert) Walsh. 欧塞尔（后来艾伯特爵士）沃尔什。 Other members were: FG Bradley , KC, CA Crosbie , P. Gruchy, CBE, JB McEvoy, CBE, KC, JR Smallwood and GA Winter. 其他成员有： 纤维蛋白原布拉德利 ，陈家， 加利福尼亚克罗斯比 ，第Gruchy博士，CBE，JB麦克沃伊博士，CBE，陈家，JR斯莫尔伍德和GA冬季。 The Committee of the Canadian Cabinet included: Rt. 在加拿大内阁委员会包括：Rt的。 Hon. Louis S. 提问。 路易斯号 St. Laurent , KC, Rt. 圣洛朗 ，陈家，Rt的。 Hon. CD Howe , Hon. Brooke Claxton , KC, Hon. 提问。 光碟豪 ，会议。 布鲁克克莱克斯顿 ，陈家，汉。 DC Abbott, KC, Hon. 直流雅培，陈家，汉。 JJ McCann, MC, Hon. MF Gregg, VC, Hon. JJ麦肯，三菱商事，议员。中频格雷格，风险投资，汉。 RW Mayhew, and Hon. LB Pearson . RW梅休，议员及。 磅皮尔逊 。

Back to Newfoundland History 回到纽芬兰历史

Source: GOVERNMENT OF CANADA , Newfoundland. 资料来源：加拿大， 纽芬兰政府。 An Introduction to Canada's New Province , Published by authority of the Right Honourable CD HOWE, Minister of Trade and Commerce, prepared by the Department of External Affairs, in collaboration with the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa, 1950, 142p., pp. 对加拿大新省 ，由尊敬的裁谈会豪，贸易和商业的对外事务部编制的，部长，权威发布与统计，渥太华，1950年，142p自治领局合作言 。，页。 15-41. 15



纽芬兰（Newfoundland）是加拿大东部的一个省，包括纽芬兰岛和附近岛屿以及拉布多的主要陆地和附属岛屿。纽芬兰1949年加入联盟。北欧海盗可能在公元1000年到过此地，但是欧洲的渔民和探险家到15世纪晚期约翰·开普特的运航之后才知道这个地区。1583年英格兰宣称纽芬兰属英国，尽管这个宣告在《巴黎和约》(1763年）前一直遭到法国的反对。魁北克省在1927年前一直宣布占有拉布拉多。圣·约翰斯是纽芬兰的首都和最大城市。人口567,681。

拉布拉多是加拿大纽芬兰的陆地部分，位于拉布拉多半岛的东北部。早在10世纪，古代的斯堪的纳维亚的海员就曾到过这里的海岸。这一地区后来成为哈得逊湾公司的所有财产，并于1927年最终判给纽芬兰省。

纽芬兰狼原本生活在加拿大纽芬兰岛上，它们的拉丁学名Canis lupus beothucus源自Beothuck人。Beothuck人是纽芬兰岛的原著居民，于1829年被正式宣布灭亡。
最后一只纽芬兰狼于1911年被射杀，但是直到1930年人们才正式将纽芬兰狼列为灭绝物种，随后直到1937年才有生物学家G.M.Allen和Thomas Barbour正式描述它们，并为它们命名。 事实上，在纽芬兰狼灭绝前，甚至在他们灭绝后的很长一段时间内，并没有人描述过它们，更不要提研究了。最后一只纽芬兰狼于1911年被射杀，所以关于它们的照片只有来自博物馆的标本，而关于他们习性也无法考证，不过人们大概可以从它们曾经的生活环境，和灰狼其他亚种的生活习性等等进行研究。

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纽芬兰狼的历史起源视频